Homeschooling is legal in many countries. Countries with the most prevalent home education movements include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some countries have highly regulated home education programs as an extension of the compulsory school system; others, such as Germany,[1] have outlawed it entirely. Brazil has a law project in process. In other countries, while not restricted by law, homeschooling is not socially acceptable or considered undesirable and is virtually non-existent.
| Country | Status | Statistics | Map | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Andorra | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Armenia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Austria | Legal under restrictive conditions, homeschooling is allowed as long as the instruction is at least equal to that of the state school. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 |
| Azerbaijan | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Belarus | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Belgium | Legal under restrictive conditions, Homeschooling is a constitutional right in Belgium. | 500 | ███ | 2 3 |
| Bosnia and Herz. | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Bulgaria | Illegal, public education is mandatory. Only children with special needs may be homeschooled under strict government control. | Less than 100 families | ███ | 1 2 3 |
| Croatia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Cyprus | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Czech Republic | Legal under restrictive conditions by temporary experimental law for children aged 5-12 | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 3 |
| Denmark | Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. | 1% of students | ███ | 1 2 3 |
| Estonia | Legal under restrictive conditions, only allowed for exceptional cases. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 |
| Finland | Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. Written and oral examinations to check on progress are mandatory. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 3 |
| France | Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. Inspections are mandatory every years. | Unknown | ███ | 1 |
| Georgia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Germany | Illegal, public or approved private education is mandatory with the only exception being where continued school attendance would create undue hardship for an individual child. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Greece | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Hungary | Legal under regulating conditions, such as mandatory tests and checks. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Iceland | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Ireland | Legal, homeschooling is allowed by the constitution. | Unknown | ███ | 1 |
| Italy | Legal, homeschooling is allowed by the constitution. | Unknown | ███ | 1 |
| Kazakhstan | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Latvia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Liechtenstein | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Lithuania | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Luxembourg | Legal. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Macedonia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Malta | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Moldova | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Monaco | ███ | |||
| Montenegro | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Netherlands | Legal under restrictive conditions, only legal for parents that can not find a public school fitting their beliefs in the area. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 2 |
| Norway | Legal | - | ███ | 1 |
| Poland | Legal under restrictive conditions. Every homeschooled child must be supervised by an authorized school and pass annual exams. Homeschooled children received diplomas from supervising school. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 |
| Portugal | Legal. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Romania | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Russia | Legal since 1992, law sometimes ignored and not made legal. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 |
| San Marino | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Serbia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Slovakia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Slovenia | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Spain | Legal under restrictive conditions, parents are allowed to homeschool if they pass a test by the authorities. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 3 |
| Sweden | Illegal, as of June 2010; supposedly allowed under special circumstances such as student health reasons or family travel, but virtually never approved. Officials often ignore legally permitted appeals. | 200 families—half legally | ███ | 1 |
| Switzerland | Legal in about 3/4 of the cantons (states) with many being restrictive to very restrictive. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Ukraine | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| United Kingdom | Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. | 20,000-100,000 | ███ | 1 2 |
| Vatican City | No indication for educational laws to exist were found. | ███ |
| Country | Status | Statistics | Map | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | Legal under regulating conditions (Alberta - regulation, British Columbia - registration, Manitoba - permit, Newfoundland - permit, New Brunswick - permit, Northwest Territories - regulation, Nova Scotia - regulation, Ontario - regulation, Prince Edward Island - regulation, Quebec - permit, Saskatchewan - permit, Yukon - regulation) | About 20,000 | ███ | 1 |
| Cuba | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| El Salvador | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | |
| Greenland | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2[2] |
| Guatemala | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 2 |
| Mexico | Legal, compulsory attendance laws unclear. | Unknown | ███ | 1 2 3| |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | |
| United-States | Legal under regulating conditions, varies by state. | Around 1.5 million | ███ | 1 |
| Incomplete list of prominent countries by population, add extra countries on demand. |
| Country | Status | Statistics | Map | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | ███ | |||
| Bolivia | ███ | |||
| Brazil | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions | ███ | ||
| Chile | ███ | |||
| Colombia | Legal. Regulated by the Ministry of Education and the ICFES (Colombian Institute for the Promotion of Higher Education). The student would have to present a Public Validation Test and a State Test (Similar to SAT) if he/she wants to go to College. | N/A | ███ | 1 |
| Ecuador | ███ | |||
| Falkland Islands | ███ | |||
| French Guiana (France) | ███ | |||
| Guyana | ███ | |||
| Paraguay | ███ | |||
| Peru | Prior registration with the Ministerio de Educación is required. | ███ | ||
| SGSSI | ███ | |||
| Suriname | ███ | |||
| Uruguay | ███ | |||
| Venezuela | ███ |
| Country | Status | Statistics | Map | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Status | Statistics | Map | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. | Unknown | ███ | 1 | |
| Turkey | Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. | Virtually no homeschooling* | ███ | 1 |
| Country | Status | Statistics | Map | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botswana | ███ | |||
| Eritrea | ███ | |||
| Ethiopia | ███ | |||
| Kenya | ███ | |||
| Somalia | ███ | |||
| South Africa | Estimated between 30 000 and 100 000 children | ███ | [14] |
Homeschooling is currently permitted in Kenya.[3]
Homeschooling is legal according to South African national law, but individual provinces have the authority to set their own restrictions.[4]
There is no law addressing homeschooling in Argentina. It is the parents' responsibility to make sure their child(ren) get an adequate education.
A couple, a Brazilian mother and an American father, was investigated in 2010 by the municipal government of Serra Negra, São Paulo, for homeschooling their children. The local authorities were tipped off by an anonymous source because the couples's two daughters did not attend school. The Public Ministry expected to reach an agreement with the family to enlist the infants in formal schools.[7] Enrollment in schools in Brazil is mandatory for people aged 4–17.
Approximately 1% to 2% of North American children are homeschooled, which includes about 60,000 in Canada.[8][9] Back in 1995, Meighan estimated the total number of homeschoolers in Canada, to be 10,000 official and 20,000 unofficial.[10] Karl M. Bunday estimated, in 1995, based on journalistic reports, that about 1 percent of school-age children were homeschooled.[11] In April 2005, the total number of registered homeschool students in British Columbia was 3,068.[12] In Manitoba, homeschoolers are required to register with Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. The number of homeschoolers is noted at over 1,500 in 2006; 0.5% of students enrolled in the public system.
In "The Condition of Education 2000-2009," The National Center for Education Statistics of the United States Department of Education reports that In 2007, the number of homeschooled students was about 1.5 million, an increase from 850,000 in 1999 and 1.1 million in 2003.[13] The percentage of the school-age population that was homeschooled increased from 1.7 percent in 1999 to 2.9 percent in 2007. The increase in the percentage of homeschooled students from 1999 to 2007 represents a 74 percent relative increase over the 8-year period and a 36 percent relative increase since 2003. In 2007, the majority of homeschooled students received all of their education at home (84 percent), but some attended school up to 25 hours per week.
There are no accurate statistics on homeschooling in the People's Republic of China.
The Compulsory Education Law states that the community, schools and families shall safeguard the right to compulsory education of school-age children and adolescents, and, compulsory education is defined as attending a school, which is holding a schooling licence granted by the government. Therefore, homeschooling is deemed to be illegal. The law does not apply to non-citizen children (those with foreign passports).
However, due to the large population of hundreds of millions of migration workers, alongside with their children, it rarely happens that the government inspects if a child is attending a licensed school or not. Thus there usually is no punishment to parents who homeschool their children.
It should be noted that in many cases children are unable to attend school due to economic difficulties, as compulsory education offered by local governments is not always free.
An organization called Shanghai Home-School Association was launched in September 2003.[14]
Attendance at school is compulsory and free for students aged six to fifteen in Hong Kong. Parents who fail to send their children to school can be jailed for 3 months and fined HK$10000. In 2000, a man named Leung Jigwong (梁志光) disagreed with Hong Kong's education policy and refused to send his 9-year-old daughter to school. Instead, he taught her Chinese, English, French, Mathematics and The Art of War at home. After 2.5 years of discussion, the Education Department finally served an "attendance order" on him and his child was required to attend a normal school.[15][16][17]
The legal position is complex; as homeschooling is uncommon, local officials may claim it is illegal but this is not actually the case.[18] Over 100,000 children refuse school, but the number of homeschoolers is much smaller, though it is increasing.
Homeschooling in Indonesia (Indonesian: Pendidikan Rumah) is regulated under National Education System 2003 under division of informal education.[19] This enables the children of Homeschooling to attend an equal National Tests to obtain an "Equivalent Certificate".[20] The homeschooling is recently becoming a trend in upper-middle to upper class families with highly educated parents with capability to provide better tutoring[21] or expatriate families living far away from International School. Since 2007 the Indonesia's National Education Department took efforts in providing Training for Homeschooling Tutors and Learning Media[22] even though the existence of this community is still disputed by other Non Formal education operators.[23] school.
Homeschooling in Taiwan, Republic of China is legally recognized since 1982[24] and regulated as a possible form of special education since 1997.[25]
Homeschooling is legal in Austria. However, every homeschooled child is required to take an exam, administered four times per year, to ensure that he or she is being educated at an appropriate level. If the child fails the test, he or she must attend a state school the following year.[1]
Children have to be registered as home-educated. In Wallonia, the French-speaking part of the country, they are tested at 8, 10, 12, and 14.
The tests are new and there is still a lot of confusion on the tests and the legal situation around them. In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of the country, the law is different: the tests are optional.
Home education was legal in Croatia in 1874[26][27][28] when Croatian law stated that parents have a duty to educate their children either at home or by sending them to school. The child had to pass an exam in a public school at the end of every school year.
The primary education in Croatia is compulsory from the age of six to fifteen and it spans eight grades.[29]
On September 2010 a religious organisation Hrvatska kršćanska koalicija[30] submitted a proposal[31] to change the law so home education would become legal in Croatia. The civil organisation Obrazovanje na drugi način[32] joined in and is now working on its own proposal.
The proposed model is based on Slovenian and Montenegrin model of home education. The child is required to enroll into a local school (public or private) and pass annual exam in certain subjects (mother tongue and math only in lower grades; with addition of foreign language in middle grades and more subjects in higher grades). If the child does not pass all the exams in two attempts, it is ordered to continue the education with regular school attendance. Every year the parents have to notify the school by the end of May that they will be educating their child at home.
Like in the case of Slovenia and Montenegro, the proposed model does not impose any limitation on who can home educate.[33] The parents educating their children at home are not eligible to receive any kind of state help. The schools are free to choose whether they will allow special arrangements with children educated at home (flexi-schooling, the use of school resources, participation in field trips and other school activities, etc.). The Ministry of Education and schools are not required to provide any form of help to parents of children educated at home (teacher guides, worksheets, consultation, etc.).
The proposed model was chosen as it requires minimal change to the existing law and would be possible to implement within the current educational framework. The Croatian Constitution[34], in the Article 63 paragraph 1, states that parents have a duty to school their children. Similarly, in the Article 65 paragraph 1, it states that primary schooling is compulsory and free. It is deeply ingrained in Croatian culture that education cannot happen without schooling.
As of July 2011 there are three alternative primary schools in Croatia - one Montessori[35] and two Steiner Waldorf schools[36][37]. Alternative schools in Croatia are required to follow national curriculum[29] (Article 26 paragraph 1, Article 30).
Homeschooling has been legal since 2005.
It follows from § 76 in the Danish constitution that homeschooling is legal.[38]
In Finland homeschooling is legal[39] but unusual (400–600 children[40]). The parents are responsible for the child getting the compulsory education and the advancements are supervised by the home municipality.[39] The parents have the same freedom to make up their own curriculum as the municipalities have regarding the school, only national guiding principles of the curriculum have to be followed.
Choosing homeschooling means that the municipality is not obliged to offer school books, health care at school, free lunches or other privileges prescribed by the law on primary education, but the ministry of education reminds they may be offered. The parents should be informed of the consequences of the choice and the arrangements should be discussed.[41]
In France, homeschooling is legal and requires the child to be registered with two authorities, the 'Inspection Académique' and the local town hall (Mairie). Children between the ages of 6 and 16 who are not enrolled in recognized correspondence courses are subject to annual inspection.[42][43]
The inspection is carried out to check that the child's knowledge has progressed as a comparison from the previous inspection; sometimes it involves written tests, though those are illegal, in both French and Mathematics, the first of which is used as a benchmark to check what level the child is. The tests are carried out with the anticipation that the child will progress in ability as she/he ages, thus they are designed to measure development with age, rather than as a comparison to say a school child of a similar age.
Homeschooling is illegal in Germany with rare exceptions. The requirement to attend school has been upheld, on challenge from parents, by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. Parents violating the law have primarily or most prominently been Christians seeking a more religious education than that offered by the schools.[1][44] Sanctions against these parents have included fines of thousands of euros, successful legal actions to remove children from the parents' custody, and prison sentences.[1][44] It has been estimated that 600 to 1,000 German children are homeschooled, despite its illegality.[45]
In a legal case commenced in 2003 at the European Court of Human Rights, a homeschooling parent couple argued on behalf of their children that Germany's compulsory school attendance endangered their children's religious upbringing, promoted teaching inconsistent with their Christian faith–-especially the German State's mandates relating to sex education in the schools--and contravened the declaration in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union that "the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure education and teaching is in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions".
In September 2006, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the German ban on homeschooling, stating "parents may not refuse... [compulsory schooling] on the basis of their convictions", and adding that the right to education "calls for regulation by the State". The European Court took the position that the plaintiffs were the children, not their parents, and declared "children are unable to foresee the consequences of their parents' decision for home education because of their young age.... Schools represent society, and it is in the children's interest to become part of that society. The parents' right to educate does not go as far as to deprive their children of that experience."
The European Court endorsed a "carefully reasoned" decision of the German court concerning "the general interest of society to avoid the emergence of parallel societies based on separate philosophical convictions and the importance of integrating minorities into society."[46]
In January 2010, a United States immigration judge granted asylum to a German homeschooling family, apparently based on this ban on homeschooling.[47]
The Hungarian laws allow homeschoolers to teach their children as private students at home as long as they generally follow the state curriculum and have children examined twice a year. Although homeschooling is still extremely rare.
From 2004 to 2006, 225 children had been officially registered with the Republic of Ireland's National Education Welfare Board, which estimated there may be as many as 1500–2000 more unregistered homeschoolers.[48] The right to a home education is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ireland.[49]
In Italy, homeschooling (called Istruzione parentale in Italian) is legal but not common: children must be registered to the school where they will take their final exams, and parents must justify their decision to homeschool their children at the beginning of every year.[50]
In the Netherlands every child is subject to compulsory education from his/her fifth birthday. The exemptions are extended on the basis of a clause in the law exempting parents from sending their child to school if they object to the "direction" of the education of all schools within a reasonable distance to their home.[51][52]
Homeschooling is legal.[53]
Homeschooling is only allowed on highly regulated terms. Every child must be enrolled in a school (as of 2009, the school does not need to be a public school). The school principal may, but is not obliged to, allow of homeschooling a particular child. Homeschooled children are required to pass annual exams covering material in school curriculum, and failure on an exam automatically terminates the homeschooling permit.[54]
Homeschooling is legal.[55]
The number of homeschoolers in Russia has tripled since 1994 to approximately 1 million. Russian homeschoolers are attached to an educational institution where they have the right to access textbooks and teacher support, and where they pass periodic appraisals of their work. The State is obliged to pay the parents cash equal to the cost of educating the child at the municipal school.
Home education (slo. izobraževanje na domu) is legal in Slovenia since 1996.[56] The law regarding home education has not been changed since then.[57][58] It is almost identical to Montenegrin model of home education. According to Slovenian Ministry of Education it was based on Danish model of home education.[57]
The compulsory school-age starts at 6 and lasts for 9 years ([58] Page 18(8666) Article 45). The child being home educated is required to enroll into a local school (public or private) and pass annual exam in certain subjects (mother tongue and math only in lower grades; with addition of foreign language in middle grades and more subjects in higher grades[59][58], Page 22(8670) Article 90). If the child does not pass all the exams in two attempts, it is ordered to continue the education with regular school attendance. Every year the parents have to notify the school by the end of May that they will be home educating their child.
There are no special requirements for parents wanting to home educate their children. Parents are not eligible for any kind of state help nor are schools required to provide any kind of assistance. The schools are free to choose (they often do[60]) whether they will allow special arrangements with home educated children (flexi-schooling, the use of school resources, participation in field trips and other school activities, etc.). The Ministry of Education and schools are not required to provide any form of help to parents of home educated children (teacher guides, worksheets, consultation, etc.).
In the school year 2010/2011 97 children have been home educated.[57]
As of July 2011 there are no organised home education groups in Slovenia.
Homeschooling is legal with obstacles in Slovak Republic. Child's tutor is required to have a degree with major in primary school education.[61]
According to the recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court (STC 133/2010, of 2 December)[15] there is in Spain mandatory school attendance (Sec. 4.2 Organic Law on Education 2/2006, of 3 May)[16], and no lack of regulation of homeschooling. Therefore Homeschooling may be regarded illegal by the law and is not granted by the constitutional right of parents to choose the moral and religious education of their preference for their children. The regional government of Catalonia announced in the article 55 of its 2009 education law the right of "education without attendance to school".[62] However the regulation of that right hasn't yet been developed. As far as it could not contradict education law passed by the national parliament, this right of catalonian law could only refer to the pupils that cannot attend regularly to school, that may have a special attention and help in order to grant them their education right (Sec. 3.9 Organic Law on Education 2/2006)[17].
Children have to attend school from the age of 7. Homeschooling as an afterschool activity is allowed when attending school.[63]
It is not technically illegal. It is, however, very difficult to get approved by the county in which one lives. Stockholm is in general more difficult to get approval than elsewhere in the country. Sweden has 2010 approved a law (SFS 2010:800) that restricts homeschooling even further, requiring special reasons, like foreign parents temporarily working in Sweden, but not religious beliefs. A recent court case has supported restrictions on parents, even those with teacher-training, to educate their own child.[64]
Requirements vary from Canton to Canton. Over 200 families currently homeschool [65][66]
In the Republic of Turkey, all children are required to be registered in state or private school so as to be in compliance with the National Education Basic Law (No. 1739, 06-14-1973, Article 22).[67] Distance education is also available through Turkey's national television channels.[67] Through this particular option, students go to a particular test site and take examinations based on what they have studied.[67] In Turkey, parents who fail to send their children to school are charged as criminals, which at times may result in their incarceration.[67] Due to the above legal constraints, Turkish parents face a great deal of difficulty in pursuing homeschooling for their children.[67]
The Home School Legal Defense Association claims that homeschooling is legal and expressly allowed for in Ukraine’s Education Law, but local authorities do not always agree.[68]
Homeschooling is mentioned swiftly in The Law of Ukraine on Education, article 59:
Parents and persons who substitute them shall be obliged to assist children to get education in educational institutions or provide them with full-value home education in accordance with the requirements to its content, level and scope.[69]
Education provided outside a formal school system is primarily known as Home Education within the United Kingdom, the term Homeschooling is occasionally used for those following a formal, structured style of education – literally schooling at home. To distinguish between those who are educated outside of school from necessity (e.g. from ill health, or a working child actor) and those who actively reject schooling as a suitable means of education the term Elective Home Education is used.[70]
The Badman Review in 2009 stated that "approximately 20,000 home educated children and young people are known to local authorities, estimates vary as to the real number which could be in excess of 80,000."[71]
The Australian census does not track homeschooling families, but Philip Strange of Home Education Association, Inc. very roughly estimates 15,000.[72] In 1995, Roland Meighan of Nottingham School of Education estimated some 20,000 families homeschooling in Australia.[10]
In 2006, Victoria passed legislation[73] requiring the registration of children up to the age of 16 and increasing the school leaving age to 16 from the previous 15, undertaking home education (registration is optional for those age of 16–17 but highly recommended). The Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority (VRQA) is the registering body.[74][75]
Karl M. Bunday cites the New Zealand TV program "Sixty Minutes" (unrelated to the U.S. program), as stating in 1996 that there were 7,000 school-age children being homeschooled.[76] Philip Strange of the Australian Home Education Association Inc. quotes "5274 registered home educated students in 3001 families" in 1998 from the New Zealand Ministry of Education.[72]
"At 1 July 2007 there were 6,473 homeschooled students recorded on the Ministry of Education's homeschooling database, which represents less than one per cent of total school enrolments at July 2007. These students belonged to 3,349 families."[77]
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